| This page will cover 10 years of confirmed cougar attacks from January, 2011, and continuing through December, 2020. An attack is defined primarily as an incident in which a wild cougar bit, clawed, or knocked down a human. An attack may be included that was thwarted if it appears contact was otherwise imminent. Attacks by captive cougars are omitted. Hunter incidents, attacks on animals, non-injury encounters, and accounts not confirmed to be cougar attacks have been moved to this separate Other Incidents Page. Many links expire on the internet, but my goal has been to present enough information here for researchers to find needed data from the original sources. |
Deaths are highlighted in red text.
2011 (4 Injury Reports, 3 Non-injury Reports, 1 Pet Report, 1 Defensive Injury Incident)
10 June. At about 1:15 in the afternoon, an adult cougar pounced
on 40-year-old Dean Linnell of Pemberton, BC, as he rode along the Far Side Trail
in the Crumpit Woods area, just outside Whistler, B.C.,
about 30 miles north of Squamish, knocking his bike to the ground and barely missing
him with its claws. Linnell was riding with three friends on a training run for the
upcoming Test of Metal ride. He was alone, in front of his group by a
few minutes, when the cougar jumped from above and behind.
Luckily, the cougar caught the back end of his bike, not touching him but sending him
crashing off the trail. He went over
the handlebars and hit a tree, with his bicycle landing on top of him.
He had glimpsed the blur of brown hurling toward him, and his extensive experience in the
woods told him it had to be a cougar, so the 5' 8", 145 pound man was already yelling
aggressively as he got to his feet--to do all he could to deter it.
I wasn't paying attention at all, I was completely cross-eyed [with exhaustion] at that point, but coming up the last switchback, I saw something pounce off the mossy knoll beside me and saw brown coming down behind me. When I saw the brown coming, I knew what it was right away. It must have been watching me the whole time from up on top of this knoll, and it just pounced as I rode right by it. It was sort of to the right rear of me and I saw the flash. The next thing I know, I'm crashing off the trail. I think it missed me and got the back of my bike. I was yelling and screaming and being aggressive, and as I looked up, there it was on the trail, maybe four or five feet away from me. I expected that a cougar bold enough to attack a human would be starving or sick, but that wasn't the case. It wasn't scrawny, it wasn't emaciated, it was a big, adult, healthy cougar. It was a beautiful animal, just a little too close, that's all.Linnell picked up his bike, using it as a shield and shoving it toward the cougar repeatedly as he continued to behave as aggressively as possible and to appear as big as possible, but the cougar was not scared away.
He kept up the aggressive behavior and even managed to get the cougar to move a few feet off the trail when the friends he was riding with caught up. Linnell yelled to the others that there was a cougar, and in a few moments, there was a group of four riders challenging the cougar. It was maybe 20 feet away at this point, but didn't seem that intimidated--even when the riders started to throw rocks in its direction. "We didn't really scare it all that much," said Linnell. "One rock almost hit it in the head, and it just ducked its head to one side. It didn't even move its body. Eventually it leaped into the ravine and wandered away. It wasn't running, it just casually left."
Linnell said the animal was a large, healthy-looking cougar and estimates that it was eight feet from nose to tail. Since the Test of Metal mountain bike race was scheduled in the area on June 18, 2011, with approximately 800 riders expected to go through the same area, Sergeant Chris Doyle of the B.C. Conservation Officer Service brought hound dogs to the scene in an attempt to track and tree the cougar so it could be darted and moved to another area for obvious safety reasons. This was unsuccessful, but no cougar was sighted during the race in which Linnell posted a personal best time.
In retrospect, Linnell said he felt lucky to have been on a bike and not running, as he was able to use his bike as a weapon, but runners generally have nothing. He said the encounter was a reminder that we recreate near wildlife and that we should know what to do if we encounter a predator. "The main thing is to make sure, in that situation, that you don't run away or show the cougar your back," he said.
Undoubtedly due to his spotting the cougar and reacting appropriately, Linnell suffered only minor scrapes and bruises from his fall. Had he not glimpsed the cougar and prepared, or had the cougar not missed the cyclist and pounced directly upon him instead, the outcome might have been worse.
Sources: (Pique News Magazine; Cyclist knocked off bike by cougar in Squamish: Best to ride in groups if possible; By Andrew Mitchell; 06/13/2011) (The Squamish Chief; Mountain biker, friends fend off cougar: Animal that jumped him wouldn't back down, man says after Crumpit Woods incident; Meagan Robertson; 06/14/2011) (Canada.com; B.C. mountain biker meets mountain cat; By Andy Ivens, Postmedia News; June 14, 2011) (National Post; Mountain biker wary after cougar attack; by Andy Ivens; 06/15/2011) (emails from Dean Linnell; 06/27/2011)
25/26 June. Tour Divide cyclists confronted by cougar in western New Mexico. See this non-injury report HERE
04 July. Nanaimo, British Columbia, teen fends off cougar attack. See this non-injury report HERE
12 July. Man scratched rescuing dog attacked by cougar near Kelwona, BC. See this pet attack report HERE
16 July. Utah man kicks cougar that swatted his leg in a surprise encounter. See this report HERE
31 July. In the evening, a six-year-old Canmore, Alberta, Canada, girl
was walking along the shoreline trail in the Barrier Lake day-use area of
Bow Valley Provincial Park in Kananaskis Country. She was by the
Barrier Lake boat launch with her nine-year-old brother and parents when
a healthy, less than 2-year-old, 79 pound, male cougar jumped out of the
bush and pounced on her from behind.
The girl's father, who was walking in front of her, heard the commotion and turned around to find the cat attacking his daughter, said Glenn Naylor, district conservation officer with Alberta Parks in Canmore. He screamed at the cougar and tried to scare it off by throwing his water bottle at it. The cougar took off into the bush, leaving the girl with puncture wounds and some scratches to her head and other parts of her body. The family of four quickly left the day use area and returned home.
When conservation officers got word of the incident the next day, they responded by shutting down and evacuating the area to investigate. Cougar hounds from Pincher Creek were brought in to track the animal, and a 15-minute chase ended when the cougar was shot. A necropsy was scheduled for the cougar. "They'll be assessing the condition of it to see if there's any indication of why it [the attack] might have happened," said Dave Ealey of Sustainable Resource Development.
According to Ealey, the cougar was one of a pair siblings that had been captured in Banff National Park in June of 2011 after following hikers near Banff's Tunnel Mountain. The decision was made that they were a low risk to humans, and they were fitted with tracking collars and released so that they could be studied. Volunteers and provincial officials had been tracking this male for weeks, and Naylor said the cougar had not shown any worrisome behavior. Earlier, however, this cougar reportedly showed habituated behavior, meaning it was no longer afraid of humans.
The animal's sister was put down July 19 by conservation officers near the Canmore Nordic Centre after she attacked a cyclist's off-leash dog. She was starving and considered a high risk for another attack. She weighed only 46 pounds. Though her brother appeared healthy, Alberta Parks conservation officer Arian Spiteri said that it had just had a meal, so it was hard to tell how much of the cougar's weight to attributed to that. The scheduled necropsy would determine this as well as other factors.
Sources: (The Calgary Sun: News Alberta; Young girl survives cougar attack in Kananaskis; By Jenna McMurray; 08/02/2011) (The Calgary Herald; Dad fights off cougar after attack on daughter, 6, in Kananaskis; By Justin Brisbane; 08/02/2011) (The Canmore Leader; Six-year-old survives cougar attack; By Jesse Winter; 08/03/2011) (CTV News - Calgary; Cougar destroyed after attack; ctvcalgary.ca; 08/03/2011)
29 August. At about 6:00 p.m., 18-month-old Julien Sylvester from Ucluelet was attacked
and seriously injured by a cougar at Swim Beach in the Kennedy Lake day-use area of
Pacific Rim National Park on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada,
about 10 miles northeast of Ucluelet.
He was with his grandfather, his grandfather's friend, and his four-year-old sister Iris at this beach where they had been going all summer. In an interview, the mother of the victim Sarah Hagar said, "My father mentioned how quickly and silently it happened. There was no snapping of twigs, there was nothing. It went from Julien was playing in the sand to looking up and Julien was in the cougar’s mouth." Before anyone could react, it had pounced on the toddler, pinning him to the ground with his face in the sand. With its paw on Julien's back, it sank its teeth into Julien's skull. Recalling what her father told her about the attack, "It was his friend who looked up and saw Julien in the cougar's mouth and yelled to my dad to get his attention."
Many well-publicized versions tell a significantly different version. [As the group packed up for the day and were headed away from the beach towards a wooded path, the toddler had gone about three meters - just a few steps - ahead. The cougar surprised the group quickly and silently from the forested edge of the beach near the trailhead. Before anyone could react,...] I have chosen both the mother's and the grandfather's quoted words instead.The boy’s grandfather went into instant action, and he and his friend are credited with saving Julien's life after they yelled and acted aggressively towards the mountain lion, convincing it to drop the child. Then they succeeded in deterring the cat when it lunged toward Iris. When it dropped Julien, the cougar lunged for his sister and the two men yelled intensively at the cat. Thankfully, the cougar paused and did not make contact with the girl, but it did not run away. The adults continued aggressively to stare at and to shout at the cougar, as they picked up the two children and slowly backed away from the predator.
The grandfather immediately "got the child to medical attention," said Parks Canada spokeswoman Arlene Armstrong. With the animal finally gone, he called for help from the park's visitor center. Julien was rushed by ambulance to nearby Tofino Hospital, then flown by helicopter to B.C. Children's Hospital in Vancouver, where he was listed in serious condition in the intensive care unit. He suffered two skull fractures and an area of brain damage where one of the cougar's teeth penetrated brain tissue in his cerebellum which controls fine motor control, balance, and co-ordination. There were also claw marks on Julien's chest that required stitches and impressions of paw prints marking the boy's chest and back.
The next several hours were a blur for Julien's mother. She recalls she and her husband racing from their home toward the visitors' center where paramedics were loading Julien into an ambulance. She remembers seeing her son screaming and writhing. She knew the paramedics were worried the cougar had shaken her son and damaged his spine. She could see a puncture wound behind her son's head, and the blood.
But Julien got lucky, said his doctor, if one can consider luck after such an encounter. "It's actually a fairly small area of damage [to the child's cerebellum] and it has not caused him any definite harm," said Dr. Paul Steinbok, the pediatric neurosurgeon at B.C. Children's Hospital, who spent two-and-half hours operating on Julien. Two days later he was moved out of intensive care and taken off morphine.
Steinbok said the boy's skull was punctured and depressed in two places on the back of his head.
We would have expected that if he had a problem [from the injury to the boy's cerebellum], he would have a problem with imbalance. But his balance seems to be good. He seems to be able to walk, he seems to be able to use his arms as normal, his motor function seems to be in good shape. It went through the bone into the brain, but it barely missed a major vein that would have caused massive hemorrhage. It was high enough that the tooth didn't go into his spine. We could see where the bone had been broken and pushed in, and the covering of the brain had been torn in one of those areas. There was some damage to the brain that we could see, and spinal fluid was leaking out.Doctors removed the skull fragments, replacing them, as in a jigsaw puzzle, where they were expected to fuse, and they used some of Julien's own tissue to close the covering of the brain. The claw marks on Julien's chest were repaired with stitches. Steinbok said his main concern would now be infection, and Julien was placed on antibiotics. After the antibiotic regime was completed, Julien was expected to be doing well enough to return home, though he was expected to need follow up treatments in Vancouver. A trust fund was established to help the family with medical costs including Julien's evacuation to Vancouver. Apparently Canada's national health care does not cover such expenses.
Though he was "very traumatized and upset" over how quick and quiet the attack was, the boy's grandfather, who had been visiting the family since June, did everything right in aggressively jumping at the cat, screaming and yelling, picking up the kids, and then slowly backing away while maintaining eye contact. "He felt that the animal had probably been hunting at the tree line all day, like waiting for a food opportunity all day," Hagar said of her father.
Sarah Hagar, 32, and husband Chris Sylvester, 40, both teachers from Ucluelet, were still in shock a few days after the attack. An Ontario native, Hagar said she has always had great respect for wildlife, but it's hard for her to think about returning to the West Coast's rugged beaches.
It's a lot more real now. You always behave like [predators] are there, but once they've injured one of your children, it's very scary in a different way: It's terrifying. It wasn't until Julien was actually out of the surgery and in the ICU that I felt like I could breathe a little sigh of relief. Like, 'OK, it's still a nightmare, but it's not quite as bad of a nightmare as it's been so far.'Warnings at the visitor center had been prominently posted regarding both an increase in cougar sightings and wolf sightings. Cougar sightings had more than doubled. "There have been 150 reported sightings since April 1st. Last year over that same period there were only 60," said British Columbia conservation officer Peter Pauwels. The week previously Melissa Grimes and her brother had a terrifying experience when a cougar stalked them.
An intensive search for the attacking cougar was begun immediately, and the park was closed until it could be determined that the cougar was removed from the area.
Five days after Julien was attacked, a likely 2-year-old, healthy cougar was killed about 60 miles to the east in downtown Parksville because of public safety concerns, said the province's Conservation Officer Service. It was shot about 9:30 a.m. in a blackberry bush near the Park Sands Beach Resort, an ocean-front area crowded with campers, kids and dogs, and a community park next to the resort. Seven days after the attack on Julien and closer to 100 miles southwest, a healthy 18-month-old cougar was shot in Goldstream Provincial Park after being spotted boldly lurking close to campsites for a couple of days. Pauwels said, "There were lots of little kids there, and it's summer and a long weekend; the campground was completely full. It was a dangerous situation." Due to the distances and terrain, it is unlikely either of these was the same cougar that attacked Julien, so the search for that cat continued.
Sources: (The Vancouver Sun; Toddler, 18 months, attacked by cougar on Vancouver Island; By Cindy E. Harnett, Postmedia News; 08/31/2011) (thestar.com; Big sister gets smile from tot who survived cougar attack; By Wendy Gillis, Staff Reporter; 08/31/2011) (The Vancouver Sun; Toddler in serious condition after cougar attack at park; By Cindy E. Harnett, Postmedia News With Files From Laura Kane; 08/31/2011) (Westerly News; UPDATE: West Coast boy victim of cougar attack; By Julia Prinselaar, Westerly News; 08/30/2011) (Times Colonist; Toddler's progress after cougar attack "a total miracle," mother says; By Cindy E. Harnett, timescolonist.com; 08/31/2011) (Nanaimo Daily News; Cougar that attacked B.C. toddler eludes trackers; By Cindy E. Harnett, Postmedia News; 09/01/2011) (canada.com; Local toddler recovering after cougar attack at Swim Beach; By Julia Prinselaar, Westerly News; 09/01/2011) (TIMES COLONIST; Toddler's condition "good" after cougar attack; By By Richard Watts, timescolonist.com; 09/01/2011) (Yahoo! News | The Canadian Press; B.C. boy mauled by cougar OK after surgery; attack pierced toddler's brain; By Keven Drews, The Canadian Press; 09/02/2011) (Vancouver Sun; UPDATE: Cougar shot near Park Sands Beach Resort in Parksville; By Gordon Hoekstra, Vancouver Sun; 09/04/2011) (CTV News; Trust fund set up for B.C. boy attacked by cougar; By ctvbc.ca; 09/04/2011) (The Globe and Mail; B.C. boy mauled by cougar okay after surgery ; By Vancouver - The Canadian Press ; 09/02/2011) (Global BC; Mother of cougar attack victim speaks out {VIDEO}; By Global News; 08/31/2011)
22 September. Near his home, at about 8:30 p.m., a 10-year-old boy
from Mores Creek, Idaho, (a subdivision northeast of Boise in southwestern
Idaho) was chased and clawed by an approximately 18-month-old, 50 pound,
female cougar. The boy was searching in thick brush for his missing hunting
dog with his father and their other dog when he unexpectedly came upon a
cougar. Startled, he fled, and the cougar gave chase. When the boy stumbled
to the ground, the cougar swiped him with its front paws, scratching his arm
and hand. The dog he was with jumped in and distracted the lion, allowing
the boy to stand and challenge the cougar as he called to his father and
drew his hunting knife. This made the predator hesitate and gave the dad
enough time to fire several shots from his 9mm handgun to scare the lion
away, according to senior regional conservation officer with Idaho Fish
and Game, Matt O'Connell.
Idaho Fish and Game conservation officers, an off-duty Meridian police officer, a Boise County sheriff's deputy, and four dogs arrived soon after the incident and began searching for the lion. Later the same night, they found the juvenile cat when its eyes reflected their search lights. She was guarding the carcass of the family's missing dog. The search party members fired their weapons and were able to kill the lion. "When a lion has actually made physical contact with a person and in conjunction with that, has killed a domestic animal and has been close enough to that residence, the animal did need to be euthanized at that time," O'Connell said.
O'Connell said the boy, whose family asked not to be identified, received first aid at home for minor scratches and was expected to get a tetanus shot. His biggest worry, O'Connell said, was that his friends at school wouldn't believe his story about the attack.
Sources: (KIFI Idaho Falls, ID | LocalNews8.com; Young Boy Attacked By Mountain Lion Near Idaho City; By Associated Pres; 09/23/2011) (fox4kc.com; Officers kill mountain lion that clawed Idaho boy; By Laura Zuckerman, Reuters; 09/23/2011) (Idaho Statesman; ; By Joe Jaszewski; 09/23/2011) (KIVI TV, Boise, ID | Today's ABC 6; Cougar killed after attacking boy, killing dog in Boise County; By Mac King; 09/23/2011) (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution; Cougar killed after attacking boy, killing dog in Boise County; By Jessie L. Bonner; 09/23/2011)
25 October. Cougar attempts to jump hunter near Loon Lake in British Columbia. See this non-injury report HERE
2012 (1 Injury Report)
05 February. After dining in the adjacent restaurant, at about 8:00 p.m.
the Hobbs family from Leander, Texas, took the paved walkway back to their room at
the Chisos Mountain Lodge located at the head of the Chisos Mountain Range within
Big Bend National Park. What was described as a small, young, undernourished lion
jumped in front of his mother, Kristi Harris, and grabbed 6-year-old Rivers Hobbs.
His mother was holding Rivers' hand, and his father, Jason Hobbs, was holding
Rivers' 4-year-old brother's hand when Rivers was attacked, not on a park trail or
while camping outdoors in the park, but on the walkway between the Chisos Mountain
Lodge Restaurant and the lodge itself. In fact, another family had told them of
fending off a cougar stalking their young daughter earlier in the day on the Window
Trail, located at the trailhead of the Chisos Basin. They eventually got it to leave
when they threw a backpack at it which the cat then took into the brush. The Hobbses
had planned to camp out but heeded the warning they were given. That was why they
had decided to spend the first night of their vacation eating at the restaurant
instead and spending the night at the lodge, and throughout the day, they made
sure to keep their boys close by, Harris said.
"This cat ran in front of me, had to cross in front of me and grab my son and dragged me and my son away from where we were walking. I still had him by the hand for a good while and then the animal gave a huge jerk and pulled him to the ground and took him by the face," said Kristi Harris. "This attack did not happen on a trail. We were not hiking," Harris said. "We were on a paved walkway in between a restaurant and a hotel, and this cat grabbed my child from me." Harris said the lion dragged Rivers into a bush next to the walkway. She said Jason Hobbs jumped on top of the lion and was hitting it while she gripped its hind legs; Hobbs eventually stabbed the lion's chest with his pocketknife, and the lion dropped the boy and ran away. "All the precautions people are told to take, we did everything -- and it didn't matter," Harris said. "It didn't slow this cat down one bit."
In the forum for the high end cutlery knife brand (Spyderco) that the father used to thwart the attack on his son, Jason Hobbs posted:
"I credit my EDC caly 3.5 with saving my 6 year old son's life last night. A mountain lion attacked outside of the restaurant at the Chisos Mountain Lodge in Big Bend National Park. It attacked quickly and ferociously from the brush near the sidewalk, and pulled him away from my wife, into the brush near the sidewalk. I turn[ed] and ran to my son, finding the lion clamped on his face. It didn't respond to bare fist pounding, so I went for my knife and stabbed the lion in the chest. The blade went in easily and fully, and the lion came off my son and ran off into the woods. That all-day carry of the knife and practice drawing and snapping open that annoyed my wife so much paid off - drawing the knife and stabbing the cat seemed second nature...As of now, the lion has not been found. Judging by the amount of blood on the blade, and the angle of entry, I believe it may have crawled off somewhere to die."Rivers was rushed to the nearest hospital in Alpine, Texas, Big Bend Regional Medical Center, where he remained overnight with puncture wounds and cuts. Gashes on his right cheek and chin required 17 stitches to close, but the boy never shed a tear. "We’re lucky he's gonna get away with some scars, and it didn't take his eye or get his neck or anything," said Jason. Rivers was released from the hospital in Alpine 02/06/2011, but he had to be admitted at the Scott & White Healthcare (one of the nation's best regional hospitals) in Temple, Texas, again on 02/09/2011 since his doctors suspected that his wounds had become infected. Rivers' mother said tests would be run to determine what bacteria had infected Rivers and whether his salivary gland was damaged. He might need surgery, his third operation since the attack, she said. The same week Rivers had began a series of rabies shots.
The family says the lodge made a troubling choice when they learned of the attack. "They made a decision right there in front of me that they were not going to make an announcement that there was a mountain lion attack outside and that the animal was still at large," said mother Kristi Harris. She was concerned that the lodge wasn't doing enough to find the cat and warn visitors. Harris added that she was upset by the response the attack garnered from park rangers. "There was no ranger there when it happened," she said. "They don't see danger in animals wandering in the parking lot, campgrounds, and outside the restrooms; it's just ridiculous. They don't have the appropriate culture there at all."
Frequent Park visitor, William Egger, says signs are posted on every trail around the Chisos Lodge warning visitors that they are in an area where mountain lions are known to be present. This is also disclosed in handouts given to every visitor. Egger says the walkway between the restaurant and lodge is lighted but not brightly like a shopping center parking lot. "It would be easy for an animal to be in the shadows and not be noticed." Park Spokesman David Elkowitz said it is very unusual for a mountain lion to attack someone so close to buildings.
Early the next morning, Park rangers began evacuating nearby trails and campsites. The Chisos Basin area, along with the Window, Pinnacles, Boulder Meadow, and Juniper Flats trails were all closed, officials said, and dog teams were used to search for the cat. Traps were also set to try and capture the lion. The lion, which is believed to be an injured young male, will be killed if found, said Elkowitz. He said it is believed that the same mountain lion was involved in the earlier attack that was thwarted with a backpack.
Sources: (CBS 7 - KOSA; Austin Boy Attacked By Mountain Lion in Big Bend National Park 2/6/12; By CBS 7 Staff Reports; 02/06/2012) (; Leander Boy Attacked By Mountain Lion; By Fox 7 staff; 02/08/2012) (Fox 8 - Cleveland; Mountain Lion Snatches Boy, 6, During Family Outing; By Dan Jovic; 02/08/2012) (statesman.com - Austin, TX; Mountain lion snatches Leander boy in Big Bend; child survives<; By Farzad Mashhood, American-Statesman Staff; 02/07/2012) (Yahoo! News; Trappers scour Texas park after mountain lion attack; By Jim Forsyth; Editing by Corrie MacLaggan; 02/07/2012) (The Christian Post; Father Stabs Mountain Lion with Pocket Knife to Save 6-Year-Old Son; By Setrige Crawford , Christian Post Reporter; 02/08/2012) (NY Dailey News; 6-year-old boy survives mountain lion attack at state park: Mountain cat still on loose in west Texas; By Philip Caulfield; 02/07/2012) (alpineavalanche.com; Mountain lion attack closes trails, campsites in BBNP; By Amanda Tilley; 02/09/2012) (alpineavalanche.com; Mountain lion attack closes trails, campsites in BBNP; By Amanda Tilley; 02/09/2012) (KVUE.com - ABC; Setback for Leander boy attacked by mountain lion; By KVUE News; 02/10/2012) (statesman.com - The Blotter - Austin, TX; Leander boy attacked by mountain lion hospitalized again; By Clara O'Rourke; 02/11/2012) (Spyderco Knives and Sharpeners; Thread: caly 3.5 vs. mountain lion; By spyderco registered member: jasonhobbs; 02/07/2012) (emails from William C. Egger, Jr., Esq.; 02/10/2012 and Farzad Mashhood; 02/13/2012)
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This page contains explicit attack accounts of incidents involving injury that I have found in order for those who live with lions or recreate in their territory to get an idea how to respond to threatening cougars. Though I have made every effort to report all attacks resulting in injury, unlike Paul Beier's reports from 1890 to 1990, which he felt were very close to complete, I suspect my list after 1990 is incomplete. Because I do not have a biologists' credentials and resources, I must rely on news reports and reports from "scouts" I have in various locations. Feel free to be a scout for this research. Meanwhile, be aware that the data here may fall short of the goal to reveal all injury attacks. If you know of an attack not listed here, please send an email to
.
Permission freely granted to reference or even reproduce this page as long as links remain intact which credit all sources.
